Case Study Analysis

Ethical Case Study 2: Sally Goes to School Shanda Woody Montreat College Ethical Case Study 2: Sally Goes to School A fundamental aspect of ethics in counseling is the right to informed consent. Informed consent reflects respect for the client as an individual and promotes self-governing during the counseling process (Pope & Melba, 2011). The American Counseling Association Ethical Decision Making Model provides counselors with a blueprint for making ethical decisions while placing an emphasis on values and principles and is appropriate in resolving the ethical dilemma contained in this case study (Miller & Davis, 1996).ACA Model The ACA Code of Ethics states, â€Å"when counselors are faced with ethical dilemmas that are difficult to resolve, they are expected to engage in a carefully considered ethical decision making model† (ACA, 2005). This model directly applies the ACA Code of Ethics while combining Kitcheners (1984) virtue ethics, counselor consultation, and self-determ ination (Corey, Corey & Callahan, 2011). The model also includes the work of Van Hoose and Paradise (1979), Stadler (986), Haas and Malouf (1989), Forester-Miller and Rubenstein (1992), and Sileo and Kopala (1993).The ACA model encourages a counseling relationship based on trust and states when counselors are faced with an ethical dilemma they apply careful consideration to the decision making process (Corey, Corey & Callahan, 2011). ACA Decision Making Model Process The ACA model identifies Kitcheners five moral principles as the cornerstone of the decision making process and they include: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity (Forester-Miller & Davis, 1996). Upon eviewing these ethical principles, the model outlines seven steps in the decision making process including: identify the problem; apply the ACA Code of Ethics, determine the nature of the dilemma, determine a possible course of action, consider potential consequences for all options and determine a course of action, evaluate the course of action, and implement the action (Forester-Miller, & Davis, 1996). The first step in the model is to identify the problem by gathering as much information as possible.It is important to outline the facts and eliminate any assumptions so that the counselor can determine the ethical dilemma and the course of action needed. In this phase, the model suggest asking questions such as: Is the issue related to me and what I am doing or not doing? Is it related to the client and/or the client’s family? Is the issue an ethical, legal or clinical problem? (Forester-Miller, & Davis, 1996) The next step is to apply the ACA Code of Ethics. If there is a standard or standards that apply, the model recommends following the course of action indicated which should lead to a solution.It is important that counselors be familiar with the ethical standards and understand the implications (Forester-Miller et al. ,1996). The next step in the model is to deter mine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. In this step, the counselor would consider the moral principles and decide which principles apply, then review any professional literature to help reach a decision, consult with colleagues and other professionals, and seek out assistance from state and national associations.At this point in the decision making process, the counselor may want to refer to Kitcheners (1984) five moral principles to ensure autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are being used as a guide in the decision making process. (Forester-Miller et al. , 1996) Next, counselors begin to brainstorm and create possible solutions for the ethical dilemma. After this stage, counselors will consider the information gathered during previous stages, assess each option carefully and consider the implications for the course of action. The ACA model stresses the mportance of eliminating options that will not result in the optimum outcome and to avoid making decisions that will be more problematic that the situation at hand. (Forester-Miller et al. , 1996) The final two stages include evaluating and implementing the selected course of action. At this point, it is imperative that the counselors consider any new ethical dilemmas that may have been created by the decision made and if it is determined more harm will come to the client the counselor must go back to the beginning and reevaluate the process to ensure the best possible outcome.Once it has been determined that this ethical decision made is appropriate, the counselor will implement the plan and follow up with the situation to ensure the course had the anticipated results. Ethical Decision and Implications After reviewing the ACA decision making model, the counselor would choose to discuss the purpose of treatment, the goals, procedures and techniques provided during the therapeutic relationship (Corey & Herlihy, 2006). Any testing or diagnosis needs to be explained as the client has a right to be an active participant.Implementation of the ACA Code of Ethics A. 2. a Informed Consent which states clients have a right to choose and remain in the therapeutic relationship and counselors have an obligation to inform clients of the ongoing counseling process is imperative(ACA, 2005). At this juncture, the counselor would also want to refer to ACA Code of Ethics E. 3. a which states counselors must explain the nature and purpose of assessments in a way that the clients can understand (ACA, 2005).Reflections on the Decision Making Process Upholding the ethical standards of the counseling professional can be a difficult task due to a myriad of reasons. An ethical dilemma can prove to be overwhelming and complex but if the counselor utilizes an effective decision making model, refers to the ACA Code of Ethics as a guide, and upholds professional ethics by maintaining the best interest of the client the result should be positive and a learning experience for all invol ved.References Forester-Miller, H. & Davis, T. (1996). A practitioner’s guide to ethical decision making. American Counseling Association (1996) Corey, G. , Corey, M. , & Callahan, P. , (2011). Issues and ethics in the helping professions. 8TH edition. American Counseling Association (2005). Code of Ethics, Alexandria, VA: Author. Corey, G. , & Herlihy, B. , (2006). ACA ethical standards casebook. 6th edition Pope .

Designing lesson tasks and materials

TASKS AND MATERIALS DESIGNED Willis ( 1996 ) has proposed a elaborate model for forming lessons which involves the phases of pre-task, undertaking and linguistic communication focal point. In the first phase, the instructor introduces the subject and pupils are involved in a communicative undertaking that will assist them remember words and phrases and brainstorm thoughts that might be utile in executing the chief undertaking. What follows is what Willis calls the ‘task cycle’ in which scholars perform the existent undertaking, in braces or groups. Then, they prepare a study and show their findings to the category. As Manolopoulou-Sergi references, â€Å"after that is their attending directed towards specific characteristics of linguistic communication signifier† ( Manolopoulou-Sergi et al. , 2004:171 ) . In add-on, as Carless observesâ€Å"the post-task stage can besides lend to reminding students†¦that while the undertaking may hold been gratifying, there were serious larning purposes underpinning it†( Carless, 2007:604 ) . The three adapted undertakings follow the aforesaid undertaking construction proposed by Willis. Undertaking 1 ( see Appendix II ) focuses on developing reading, listening, speech production and composing accomplishments utilizing communicative teaching method in a series of undertakings taking to steer pupils in developing the accomplishments necessary to form an original travel path. The subject is derived from the text edition ‘On Screen’ but everything else has been changed. More specifically, the pre-task or ‘warm-up’ activity attempts to trip content scheme, pulling on students’ bing cognition ( see Appendix II ) . The existent undertaking is a saber saw reading undertaking which serves both as an reliable input and it is besides an illustration of the mark undertaking pupils are so asked to make. In finishing the mark undertaking, pupils need to entree Google maps and follow the finish described in the reading text. Therefore, scholars will go more familiar with some tourer sites in Athens, every bit good as let the usage of engineering in a purposeful manner as they may be asked to make in existent life. Furthermore, pupils in groups of 2 or 3 are asked to develop a twenty-four hours path in their country for a friend abroad taking into consideration his/her likes and disfavors ( see Appendix II ) . Giving pupils the chance to seek on a different country will ask ‘coaction and interaction’in order to successfully finish the undertaking ( information spread ) . In add-on, though this undertaking pupils will develop travel related vocabulary. Students are so asked to show their paths in forepart of the category which will actuate them to make well-designed and interesting paths. Finally, in the post-phase, the instructor leads a treatment on the completed undertaking ( the presentation ) which will unite a linguistic communication focal point every bit good as acknowledging of import information from the publi shed article that should hold been included in the students’ presentation. What follows is a repeat of the schemes of a well-designed presentation/speech ( mentioning to a old unit ) and an existent presentation of the published article, therefore, giving scholars the chance to pattern the process and linguistic communication of a presentation one time more. Traveling on to Task 2, as a pre-task pupils are asked to bring forth a text ( see Appendix II ) through quickwriting. The undertaking is contextualized by supplying a intent and audience. Students are so encouraged to compare their quickwritings with another schoolmate and make up one's mind on a intent for composing. Therefore, pupils are asked to reflect on their Hagiographas and assist them develop schemes required in cognition transforming. In the task-cycle pupils are foremost introduced to a gap-filling activity which may non be an open-ended, procedure oriented activity or may non supply for specific written results, but will prosecute scholars in originative and synergistic ( with the speech production activity at the terminal ) state of affairss bring forthing thoughts for the existent authorship and giving scholars a feeling of success. Then, what follows is a 2nd bill of exchange and a alteration of it where pupils have the opportunity to measure their equals at a non-fin al phase with the aid of specific rating points. Through this, pupils are encouraged to portion ( verbal studies ) among themselves and assist them understand what goes in the writer’s and reader’s head and what schemes to utilize in order to acquire intending through a text ( metacognitive scheme ) . Furthermore, the following and concluding phase involves linguistic communication consciousness exercisings which are designed with the lone intent to bring forth more thoughts before pupils start composing their concluding bill of exchanges ( see Appendix II ) . Overall, this undertaking and the three phase intervention of composing a text is to let pupils to command, modify and farther develop their merchandise. Geting started can be hard and therefore, in the 3rd undertaking the instructor foremost introduces the subject and encourages scholars to brainstorm thoughts with the usage of wordlists ( see Appendix II ) . Then, in the task-cycle pupils are divided into groups sharing thoughts on a problem-solving activity where they have to come up with a text utilizing specific words and phrases given by the instructor. This collaborative authorship is particularly valuable as it involves other accomplishments as good ( e.g. talking ) . In add-on, this problem-solving activity will advance dialogue of significance andâ€Å"push scholars to prosecute in checking and clear uping as they go along†( Skehan, 2002:291 ) . Once each group has completed the text, they will be encouraged to show it in category and the remainder of the pupils to notice on it, therefore paying attending on signifier by holding the chance to ‘become teachers’ . Finally, in the last phase there is a liste ning activity in which pupils are asked to place specific words from the wordlist and so make full in the spreads of the paragraphs ( see Appendix II ) . The post-task stage is a opportunity to concentrate on linguistic communication and as Carless saysâ€Å"it is important to take the kids see the connexion between the undertaking they have merely done and some linguistic communication work†( Carless, 2007:601 ) . Scaling AND SEQUENCING CRITERIA Rating and sequencing of undertakings is so a major challenge for instructors and task-based course of study interior decorators. Therefore, a figure of theoretical accounts and standards for rating and sequencing undertakings have been developed. Two of the most popular models for the sequencing of undertakings are Skehan’s ( 1996 ) and Robinson’s ( 2001 ) . Although the procedure of rating and sequencing undertakings seems arbitrary and harmonizing to teachers’ judgement, I have chosen Robinson’s model to place ‘task complexity’ and later usage for the scaling of my undertakings. The ground for taking Robinson is as Steenkamp et Al. specifies â€Å"Robinson conducted research to find the function of undertaking sequencing in learners’ production† ( Steenkamp et al. , 2011:13 ) and I am covering with a productive country, that of authorship. Robinson distinguishes three factors that influence the complexness of a undertaking viz. â€Å"cognitively defined undertaking complexness, scholars perceptual experience of undertaking trouble and the synergistic conditions under which undertakings are performed† ( Robinson, 2001b:27 ) . Task trouble and undertaking conditions are factors that might act upon methodological analysis and the determinations instructors will be asked to do for successful undertaking completion, but as they deal largely with learners’ affectional sensitivity and ability factors they can non be manipulated beforehand. In contrast, as Robinson states â€Å"undertaking complexness is the exclusive footing of pedagogic undertaking sequence† ( Robinson, 2007 in Steenkamp et al. , 2011:18 ) , and it has to make with the undertaking itself. Therefore, it can be manipulated and predicted in progress. Furthermore, Robinson claims that â€Å"the greater the cognitive demands of a undertaking , the more they engage cognitive resources ( attending and memory ) an so are likely to concentrate attending on input and end product which will hold public presentation effects† ( Manolopoulou-Sergi et al. , 2004:176-177 ) . Along these lines, I focused on the factors that influence cognitive complexness such as  ± individual undertaking,  ± prior cognition,  ± planning clip,  ± there and now,  ± concluding and more ( see Appendix III ) . In peculiar, the undertakings presented in the old subdivision are sequenced this manner chiefly because I want scholars to set about activities which become progressively demanding, i.e. traveling from comprehension-based activities ( saber saw reading/ Task 1/ see Appendix II ) to controlled production activities and exercisings ( pros and cons of nomadic phones/ Task 2/ see Appendix II ) and eventually to activities affecting reliable communicating and interaction ( carnival/ Task 3/ see Appendix II ) . Additionally, undertakings with closed results ( Task 1 ) should be presented before more open-ended undertakings ( Task 3 ) as they will be easier to carry through and participants can direct their effects more purposefully as there is merely one correct re ply ( see Appendix IV B ) . Furthermore, undertakings affecting duologues should continue those affecting soliloquies every bit good as describing speeches/ presentations that might be extremely complex for scholars and need truth and eloquence to be accomplished. All three undertakings include consciousness-raising activities ( listening or reading transcripts of comparing, see Appendix II ) so as to â€Å"diminish the cognitive burden of the chief undertaking which comes afterwards. Therefore, scholars can be induced to remember conventional cognition they already have which is relevant to the undertaking they will make† ( Manolopoulou-Sergi et al. , 2004:180 ) . Similarly, the undertakings require mention largely to events go oning now as the attending is drawn on learners’ eloquence although much more cognitively demanding mention to events go oning elsewhere in clip and infinite could be added.â€Å"There is flexibleness in timing and grouping, with alternate functions being assigned to pupils at different times, and groups being rearranged in different ways, to supply more chances for students to ordain different roles† ,( Carless, 2002:394 ) . Another factor taken into history in sequencing undertakings is one manner or two manner constellation of information. â€Å"In a one-way constellation, all of the information related to the undertaking is given to one scholar who must pass on it to the other. In a bipartisan constellation the information is related to the undertaking is distributed among all of the scholars who must portion and incorporate it. In this respect, one manner undertakings promote less dialogue of intendi ng than two-way undertakings which affects the complexness of the tasks†( Ahmadi, 2014:338 ) , and hence should continue bipartisan undertakings. Finally, clip force per unit area put on pupils ( which will overload students’ attending ) and the support they have from their instructor or other scholars ( more support will perchance ease the undertaking ) are taken into history. Gradually increasing the complexness of undertakings is of import as it â€Å"may motivate scholars to look for more and more aid in the input, go toing to facilitative signifiers made salient by teacher intercession† ( Manolopoulou-Sergi et al. , 2004:178 ) . However, what is more of import for me is to increase the complexness of pedagogic demands in order to bit by bit come close the complexness of the existent universe.

A Jury of Her Peers

A Jury of Her Peers Essay Susan Glaspells A Jury of Her Peers is an ethic drama that presents us with a mirror image of a society where men are considered superior to women in all actions. This drama take are reader, not on a murder mystery, but rather a strong human compassion of help for those in need.Author of this drama supports Minnie Fosters act of killing her husband, John Wright as a sign of standing up for herself. Even though killing someone in revenge of a dead bird seems to be meaningless, it has a much deeper meaning if seen through the eye of Minnie Foster. In this drama, the author uses characters and symbols to make the reader aware of the social injustice done to women, and in order to evoke a sense of self-worth in women reader. The characters in A jury of her peers plays a role which knowledges a reader about the horrors of the time period when the story takes place. Simply by the name Mr. Wright, tells us that men are always right when it comes to opposition against women. Men in this st ory are shown to be superior to their sub species, women. It shows us that anything a man does is always right even though it might be wrong, where else a thing that can be considered right, done by a women is shown to be wrong. This fact can be supported by the character of John Wright who is an abusive husband. Even though he treats his wife improperly, his actions are not condemned; where as Minnies character, who killing her husband just to stand up for herself is shows to be wrong.In this story men are given a bad role just to make a reader aware of that fact that how women were ones treated in our society. Women in this story play a major role not just because they are more talked about but simply because it makes a women reader to stand up for herself imagining themselves as the character in the drama, just as Minnie Fosters character did for herself by killing her husband. The author portrays the fact on women by giving them the role where they are inferior to men and that they have no voice or demands. even though the story revolves around Minnie Foster, Marth Hale can be considered as the main character . she is the protagonist in this drama and also a flat character. Even though she is a typical rural housewife, she shows her loyalty to her friend and supports her action of killing her husband from the very first . This loyalty to women follows her throughout the story and shows her ability to look past a situation and tell what is really happening in the lives of others. The next major character is Mrs. Peters, the sheriffs wife. The fact that she breaks that loyalty to save an a cquaintances distant friend that she only knows what she sees in her house about allows you to see the depths of the bonds of the sisterhood of women in need. This makes her the round character in the story. The author evokes vivid pictures in our imagination as we read this thought provoking story by using a bird, a cage, and a quilt. The term knotting a quilt is a parallel to the knot used in the rope to kill Mr. Wright. The quilt symbolizes Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters who join together as the jury that acquits Minnie of murder. Perhaps the symbol extends to a sisterhood joined together to eliminate spousal abuse. The cage symbolizes Minnies life spent trapped in the confines of a lonely existence, unable to seek adequate emotional or spiritual sustenance. By breaking open the cage door, Minnies husband had set her pent up emotions free to strike out like a hawk. READ: Building the atomic bomb EssayThe bird represents Minnies happy spirit and peaceful nature, killed by her husband for reasons we may never surely know. the killing of the bird that be associated as killing of Minnies own life. . The main purpose of the author in this drama is to make the reader aware of the social problem facing their society. No matter how excellently or how vividly symbols and character are presented in this drama we still are haunted by the disturbing actions that man species cast on the women species. This story makes a woman reader to reconsider her theory of loyalty towards her husbands; and makes a man reader to rejudged their actions on women, mainly his wife.

Personality Assessments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personality Assessments - Essay Example Both documents contain 240 factors (perceptions of attitudes and traits) detailed on a five point scale, starting from "intensely disagree" to "intensely agree" Lastly, there includes a 60 item evaluation of factors only pertained to as the "NEO FFI." There are ordinary and printed forms of all documents accessible (Millon, 1997). The module indicates that implementation of the entire version must last at approximately half an hour at most. The evaluation must not be done if there are aspects of more than 20 that are left without answers. Experts mention that in spite of the fact that the test is well-equipped to manage the impacts of negligence and indecisiveness of the participants, that if more than a hundred answers, or less than a hundred answers, are "agree" or "intensely agree," the outcomes must be analyzed with extreme care. The theoretical foundations of the NEO PI-R have been put under intense criticism. Neither Paul T. Costa, Jr. nor Robert R. McCrae had any established backgrounds in the aspect of personality assessment. Also, the concept of mentality forms, which the NEO PI-R aims to functionalize, is not established on any valid psychological research cases. Experts mention that the NEO PI-R procedures basically involve critical thinking and recall, procedures generally neglected by the modern subject of psychology (Morey, 2003). 4) The factors that users such test should consider One factor that the users of the NEO PI-R personality assessment needs to consider is the subjective authentication included. Therefore, it is probable that the users of the NEO PI-R personality assessment could believe on unstable assessments concerning their personalities. 5) Your opinion of the usefulness of the test based on your research I believe that an individual's beliefs regarding basic and complicated aspects can be driven by plenty of elements that surround him. The author believes that the NEO PI-R personality assessment will be beneficial to people especially those whose beliefs are almost always changed by daily events and activities. The utilization of he NEO PI-R personality assessment could help in the gathering of a collective individual identities of various types of people. The NEO PI-R personality assessment emphasizes on the significance of personality in making everyday decisions especially with other people involved. It emphasizes on the manner wherein the information regarding the attitudes and traits of persons can be used to aid in our daily interactions with other people. B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality assessment established to help people to determine their important individual likes and choices. Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers established this personality assessment with strong references on the psychological studies of Carl Jung (Beutler, 2005). 1) How the test works The present US version of MBTI Step I indicates more than 80 forced-response queries.

E-Commerce - Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

E-Commerce - Case Study - Essay Example Since each party has their own case against each other discussing the cases between parties separately for a better understanding of the issues shall be the norm of this paper. At the end of each case an advice will be given from my contemplation of the merits of each of the case. This case study involves A (Alfred), B (Bert), C (CDE Corporation), Freegames, and Freepcgames portal. Freepcgames is a portal that is involved in providing free computer game programs to its subscribers who pays a monthly subscription fee. Freegames is the local company that represents Freepcgames. It should be noted that Freepcgames.com is a portal registered in the United States. From the facts of the case it is not apparent if the use of Freegames or Freepcgames is a registered trademark or company brand name. Several parties each with their own interest and culpabilities have brought legal actions against one another to protect their rights and legal interests. I shall evaluate the merits of each case between the protagonists and the legal anchors if possible shall be used to provide a solid base for the critical analysis. In some cases I shall provide advice on what charge and the basis of the charges to bring the other party to court. There will be instances wherein I will be providing legal advice or defence for Freegames, since for all intents and purposes Freegames, is my client in this simulated legal situation. The legal advice provided herein remains a theoretical exercise and shall be a hyperbolic representation of an actual legal advice that may be provided to resolve legal issues for Freegames in the future that relates to the instant issues. A (Alfred) vs. Freepcgames.com From the facts of the case it is evident that the whole problem started with Alfred’s use of his company’s resources for personal gain. His case against Freepcgames,com for the recovery of his money shall not prosper because the case arose from his own negligence. A, agreed to the terms and condition of Freegames at the onset and therefore any problem arising from the use of his username and password combination is his responsibility. It should be noted that â€Å"Duty of Care†1 in order for Tort to settle against Freegames the claimant should have his hands dry and clean. Washing his hands of his own culpability and assigning blame to Freepcgames contrary to the tenets of the law and it is against the ambit of human morality. Lord Atkin has set down the test when ‘duties of care’ arises in the following details of Donohue v Stevenson. â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who then, in law is my neighbour? The answers seems to be – persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in my contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called into q uestions†(per Lord Atkin [1932] AC 562 at p 580) It should be noted, that the username, password combination is the established means in which the identity of a person transacting business in the internet is established. With the express understanding of the user or customer of any internet based commercial entity that his username password combination is in fact his identity as far as this internet based commercial entity is concerned. A, therefore is not only expected to be more prudent in

Finance accounting assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance accounting - Assignment Example In short, they let the customers do talk. The company is currently ranked as the largest global lifestyle brand offering company. It offers menswear, women swear, and other vital accessories over 100 retail stores in more than 30 countries. Today, Excellency clothing company fulfills its commitment to customers by providing commercial fashion and offering quality designs. The company has a vision of multi- channeling distribution and looking forward to the expansion of the brand in new and existing international markets. Despite the fact that the company has a vision of expanding its market size to gain competitive advantage over other competitors, it has experienced a setback of decrease in the profitability in recent years mainly due to the stiff competition in the market and economic recession and financial crisis (Ketz et al., 2005). The company’s financial statement show road to economic depression is skyrocketing. Based on the data from the income statement provided in the annual report, it is clearly seen that there is a decline in the company performance. At the beginning of 2014, the company reported revenue of  £215,623,000, a drop of about (39440/255063)*100 = 15.46% from the year 2013. The decrease in the income was caused by unfavorable movements in the foreign currency rates in the respective countries (White et al., 2011). Another crucial factor was the stiff global competition that scaled up in the retail industry. The next item to be analyzed is the cost of sales that increased from (96800/255063)*100 = 37.95% in the year 2013 to (84500/215623) = 39.19%. The increase in the value f sales was due to the inventory damage which is inexcusable forcing the company to purchase more stocks, manufacture more wares and to cover additional costs that are associated with repackaging and finally storing replacement finished goods. Other factors that led to an increase in the cost of sales were the warehouse

Finance international business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance international business - Research Paper Example This includes manufacture ring, processing, buying, transportation, warehousing etc. Pre-shipment credit is also called as packaging credit in some countries. This is short term finance. Post shipment finance is the credit offered to the importer in order to buy goods. Not all exporters are financially sound to extend credit to the importer. In order to encourage importers financial assistance is offered to them. This is done through financial institutions, commercial banks especially. Under the consignment terms of purchase the importer makes payment to the exporter only when the goods are sold to the end user and payment is received from them. This type of purchase poses high risk to the exporter as there could be indefinite delay in the sale of goods to the end user. It however favors the importer. This type of payment is observed in case of very high trust among the traders or if the exporting firm is financially capable enough to incur the loss, if there is any. The name clearly suggests the feature of this financing option. The importer has to pay in advance to receive the goods. In other words the payment is done before the shipment of the goods. Again, there are a few reasons for choosing this option. The importer is yet to establish a name in the market or the exporter has little faith in the financial status of the importer. The high demand of the product could be another reason for opting this mode of payment. The Cash-in-Advance type payment poses high risk to the importer. This financial instrument poses equal amount of risk to both, the importer and the exporter. The importer has to pay a certain part of the payment in advance to initiate the trade. The down payment is paid at the time of signing the contract or shortly thereafter. The risk involved for the exporter is that the importer may not pay after receiving the goods. Similarly the exporter may not deliver the goods after receiving the down payment. Hence, the risks are