Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 918 Words

Almost every story involves a conflict between hero and villain. In some stories, there is a plot twist where the hero is also the villain—but in Hamlet, there are no heroes and many villains. In Hamlet, every character has lied, kept secrets or is seeking revenge that leads to a tragic ending at every corner, but what we fail to see is who the true villain is. Looking at the character of Hamlet throughout the play, it is easier to spot his many dishonorable actions than his few honorable ones. Hamlet is often viewed as an honorable, upstanding person by many who read the play. The readers tend to victimize Hamlet because of the multiple tragedies he faces. Now it is safe to argue Hamlet could have been this honorable person at the beginning of the play, but by the end his character develops into a distinguishable villain. The argument that Hamlet is a villain could merely be left up to statistics. The popular opinion views Claudius as the corrupt villain in Hamlet. However, if the number of people killed is considered, Hamlet outnumbers Claudius by far. The only person Claudius kills in the play is Hamlet’s father, King of Denmark. Although Claudius intended to kill Hamlet as well, Hamlet ended up killing more people by handing out his own fate. Hamlet stands guilty for the murders of Laertes, Claudius, Rosencrantz, Guildernstern, and Ophelia. The murders Hamlet committed or contributed to were caused solely by his need for revenge, which began when the ghost of hisShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illus tration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

Pablo Picassos Cubism And Henri Matisse Fauvism - 1845 Words

Art before the 20th century consisted of new styles and three-dimensional spectrums to create the most realistic painting possible. Portraits and landscapes were presented as sort of photographs with a paint brush. Everything required specific fundamentals and anything different would be rejected and labeled degenerate. During this time, foundations were put to the test and it was completely disordered by revolutionary ideas and styles. This art influenced a vast majority of modern day art. Pablo Picasso’s cubism and Henri Matisse fauvism helped shape this era not only in style of painting, but a revolution against conformity of a social artistic structure. Cubism was a style of painting imagined, created, and performed by Pablo Picasso.†¦show more content†¦This gives it a much more vivid mood (Southgate, 1131). Fauvism is an ideological style of painting that Henri Matisse is famously known for. Fauvism consists of very strong colors that interfere with the realism portrayed by the painting. The goal of this is to not only paint on a canvas, but create a story and all sorts of moods to the painting thanks to the beautiful use of oddly realistic colors. This tactic also influenced some of Picasso s work, including the Les Demoiselles d Avignon. These painting styles created a whole new era in traditional painting that revolutionized art itself. Without these ideas, modern art will not be anywhere close to what it has developed into. The influence these artists and their ideas took on 20th century art, changed art and how we will see it forever. Henri Matisse’s Fauvism contributed to this revolutionary. Henri Matisse was born on December 31, 1869 and died on November 3, 1954. He was a French artist mostly recognized by his use of color and diversity of spectrums in his art. Very much like Pablo Picasso, he was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but he was known primarily as a painter. He developed the idea of favism art in 20th century art. A particular painting that Henri Matisse is known for is his Joy of Life (Le Bonheur de Vivre) (1905-06). During Henri’s Fauvism era, heShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Paul Cezannes The Large Bathers843 Words   |  4 Pagesideal of composition and his restoration of classic monumentality after its lapse during the nineteenth century. Cà ©zanne’s great achievement  forced the young Picasso, Matisse, and many other artists to contend with the implications of Cà ©zanne’s  art. This essay will discuss how both Matisse’s Bonheur de Vivre (Joy of Lif e) and Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon  are considered as inspired by and breaking free of The Large Bathers. Paul Cezanne’s painting â€Å"The Large Bathers† was his last and arguablyRead MoreModernized Art Forms and Styles Essay examples986 Words   |  4 Pagesaround the world started to incorporate the emerging geometrics of technology into their art. Cubism, Futurism, Fauvism, Nonobjective art, and the International Style are all examples of art forms and styles that adapted the abstract geometrics that technology offered. Cubism is an art form movement that helped shape early 20th century art and the Modernist era. Two of Cubism’s most famous leaders were Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Picasso, a Spanish born artisan, wanted to express an art formRead MoreMatisse s Bonheur De Vivre ( Joy Of Life ) And Picasso s Les Demoiselles D Avignon1123 Words   |  5 Pages(Joy of Life) and Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. This paper will also discuss how both works of art can be simultaneously seen as (1) inspired by, and (2) breaking free of Paul Cà ©zanne’s work The Large Bathers. This discussion will also make note of specific visual references. Matisse (Courtesy of https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Bonheur_Matisse.jpg). Bonheur de Vivre (1905-1906) is considered to be a work created during the Fauvism period of art. Fauvism separated the useRead MoreLes Demoiselles DAvignon5704 Words   |  23 Pagespainting  of 1907 by the Spanish artist  Pablo Ruiz Picasso  (1881–1973). The work portrays five nude female prostitutes from a brothel on Avinyà ³ Street in  Barcelona. Each figure is depicted in a disconcerting confrontational manner and none are conventionally  feminine. The women appear as slightly menacing and rendered with angular and disjointed body shapes. Two are shown with  African mask-like  faces and three more with faces in the  Iberian  style of Picassos native Spain, giving them a savage auraRead MoreEssay on Pablo Picassos Head of a Woman1058 Words   |  5 Pages While visiting the Norton Museum, there were two works of art that were very interesting. The first work of art is a sculpture by Pablo Picasso called, Head of a Woman (Fernande). It was made in 190 9 when he was in Paris. When he made this sculpture he was in the cubism period. Picasso sculpted this sculpture of bronze. While looking at this sculpture it is transformed every time you move your own head, walk around it, and bend closer. It just has a way of changing shape. While looking at it, itRead MorePage 1: Home. Pablo Picasso. The Impact Of Pablo Picasso1733 Words   |  7 PagesPage 1: Home Pablo Picasso The impact of Pablo Picasso on modern art is unprecedented, as his responsible for the development and expansion of many art genres. His unique views on how we perceive art and his ability to take inspiration from more obscure and unorthodox art forms tool the traditional mindset of the world by storm. Pablo Picasso can be considered the greatest artist of the 20th century because of his contributions to making modern art what it is today. What made Picasso revolutionaryRead MoreThe Art Of Paul Cezanne1530 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso were both profoundly influenced by the art of Paul Cà ©zanne, somewhat ironically since the latter is reported to have been quite uncertain of his artistic contributions and anxious about his legacies (Merleau-Ponty, 1945). Picasso described Cà ©zanne as â€Å"my one and only master† ; while Matisse noted that â€Å"it is undoubtedly to Cà ©zanne that I owe the most† . The Large Bathers was one of two final paintings produced by Cà ©zanne in 1906, the year of his deathRead MoreVan Gogh Starry Night and Influence of Many2004 Words   |  9 Pagesdeveloping his techniques, Van Gogh was inspired by many artists such as Anton Mauve and Jean Francois Millet, adopting and changing his perspective into his style for his paintings. Other contemporary artists were inspired by Van Gogh, such as Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso producing an individual style, relating to different art movements. The discussion of Vincent Van Gogh explains the significance of his style in art, a brief, synopsis, of his medium used in the composition of Starry Night; alongRead MoreChapter 33 – Early 20th Century5648 Words   |  23 Pages | |d. |Column | ____ 6. Which of the following artists created a modern American art style combining Synthetic Cubism with jazz tempos and his perception of the fast-paced American culture? |a. |Marsden Hartley | |b. |Charles Demuth

Warm Bodies Step two taking Free Essays

string(51) " going on back then was a few wars and recessions\." I am young. I am a teenage boy aflame with health, strong and virile and pounding with energy. But I get older. We will write a custom essay sample on Warm Bodies Step two taking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every second ages me. My cells spread themselves thinner, stiffening, cooling, darkening. I am fifteen, but each death around me adds a decade. Each atrocity, each tragedy, each small moment of sadness. Soon I will be ancient. Here I am, Perry Kelvin in the Stadium. I hear birds in the walls. The bovine moans of pigeons, the musical chirps of starlings. I look up and breathe deep. The air is so much cleaner lately, even here. I wonder if this is what the world smelled like when it was new, centuries before smokestacks. It frustrates and fascinates me that we’ll never know for sure, that despite the best efforts of historians and scientists and poets, there are some things we’ll just never know. What the first song sounded like. How it felt to see the first photograph. Who kissed the first kiss, and if it was any good. ‘Perry!’ I smile and wave at my little admirer as he and his dozen foster-siblings cross the street in a line, hand in hand. ‘Hey . . . buddy,’ I call to him. I can never remember his name. ‘We’re going to the gardens!’ ‘Cool!’ Julie Grigio grins at me, leading their line like a mother swan. In a city of thousands I run into her almost every day, sometimes near the schools where it seems probable, sometimes in the outermost corners of the Stadium where the odds are slim. Is she stalking me or am I stalking her? Either way, I feel a pulse of stress hormones shoot through me every time I see her, rushing to my palms to make them sweat and to my face to make it pimply. Last time we met, she took me up on the roof. We listened to music for hours, and when the sun went down, I’m pretty sure we almost kissed. ‘Want to come with us, Perry?’ she says. ‘It’s a field trip!’ ‘Oh fun . . . a field trip to where I just spent eight hours working.’ ‘Hey, there aren’t a lot of options in this place.’ ‘So I’ve noticed.’ She waves for me to come over and I immediately comply, while trying my best to look reluctant. ‘Don’t they ever get to go outside?’ I wonder, watching the kids march in clumsy lockstep. ‘Mrs Grau would say we are outside.’ ‘I mean outside. Trees, rivers, etc.’ ‘Not till they’re twelve.’ ‘Awful.’ ‘Yeah . . .’ We walk in silence except for the burble of child-speak behind us. The Stadium walls loom protectively like the parents these kids will never know. My excitement at seeing Julie darkens under a sudden cloud of melancholy. ‘How do you stand it here,’ I say, barely a question. Julie frowns at me. ‘We get to go out. Twice a month.’ ‘I know, but . . .’ She waits. ‘What, Perry?’ ‘Do you ever wonder if it’s even worth it?’ I gesture vaguely at the walls. ‘All this?’ Her expression sharpens. ‘I mean, are we really that much better off in here?’ ‘Perry,’ she snaps with unexpected vehemence. ‘Don’t you start talking like that, don’t you fucking start.’ She notices the abrupt silence behind us and cringes. ‘Sorry,’ she says to the kids in a confidential whisper. ‘Bad words.’ ‘Fuck!’ my little friend yells, and the whole line explodes with laughter. Julie rolls her eyes. ‘Great.’ ‘Tsk tsk.’ ‘You shut your mouth. I meant what I said to you. That’s evil talk.’ I look at her uncertainly. ‘We get to go outside twice a month. More if we’re on salvage. And we get to stay alive.’ She sounds like she’s reciting a Bible verse. An old proverb. As if sensing her own lack of conviction she glances at me, then snaps her eyes forward. Her voice goes quiet. ‘No more evil talk if you want to come on our field trip.’ ‘Sorry.’ ‘You haven’t been here long enough. You grew up in a safe place. You don’t understand the dangers.’ Dark feelings flood my belly at this, but I manage to hold my tongue. I don’t know the pain she’s speaking from, but I know it’s deep. It makes her hard and yet so terribly soft. It’s her thorns and it’s her hand reaching out from the thicket. ‘Sorry,’ I say again and fumble for that hand, nudging it out of her jeans pocket. It’s warm. My cold fingers wrap around hers, and my mind conjures an unwelcome image of tentacles. I blink it away. ‘No more evil talk.’ The kids gaze at me eagerly, huge eyes, spotless cheeks. I wonder what they are and what they mean and what’s going to happen to them. ‘Dad.’ ‘Yeah?’ ‘I think I have a girlfriend.’ My dad lowers his clipboard, adjusts his hard hat. A smile creeps into the deep creases of his face. ‘Really.’ ‘I think so.’ ‘Who?’ ‘Julie Grigio?’ He nods. ‘I’ve met her. She’s – hey! Doug!’ He leans over the edge of the bulwark and yells at a worker carrying a steel pylon. ‘That’s forty-gauge, Doug, we’re using fifty for the arterial sections.’ He looks back at me. ‘She’s cute. Watch out though; seems like a firecracker.’ ‘I like firecrackers.’ My dad smiles. His eyes drift. ‘Me too, kid.’ His walkie-talkie crackles and he pulls it out, starts giving instructions. I look out at the ugly concrete vista under construction. We are standing on the terminating end of a wall, fifteen feet high, currently a few blocks long. Another wall runs parallel to it, making Main Street into an enclosed corridor that cuts through the heart of the city. Workers swarm below, laying concrete pour-forms, erecting framework. ‘Dad?’ ‘Yeah.’ ‘Do you think it’s stupid?’ ‘What?’ ‘To fall in love.’ He pauses, then puts his walkie away. ‘What do you mean, Pear.’ ‘Like . . . now. The way things are now. I mean, everything’s so uncertain . . . is it stupid to waste time on stuff like that in a world like this? When everything might fall apart any minute?’ My dad looks at me for a long time. ‘When I met your mom,’ he says, ‘I asked myself that. And all we had going on back then was a few wars and recessions. You read "Warm Bodies Step two taking" in category "Essay examples"’ His walkie starts crackling again. He ignores it. ‘I got nineteen years with your mom. But do you think I would’ve turned down the idea if I’d known I’d only get one year? Or one month?’ He surveys the construction, shaking his head slowly. ‘There’s no benchmark for how life’s â€Å"supposed† to happen, Perry. There is no ideal world for you to wait around for. The world is always just what it is now, and it’s up to you how you respond to it.’ I look into the dark window holes of ruined office buildings. I imagine the skeletons of their occupants still sitting at their desks, working towards quotas they will never meet. ‘What if you’d only gotten a week with her?’ ‘Perry . . .’ my dad says, slightly amazed. ‘The world isn’t ending tomorrow, buddy. Okay? We’re working on fixing it. Look.’ He points at the work crews below. ‘We’re building roads. We’re going to connect to the other stadiums and hideouts, bring the enclaves together, pool our research and resources, maybe start working on a cure.’ My dad claps me on the shoulder. ‘You and me, everyone . . . we’re going to make it. Don’t give up on us yet. Okay?’ I relent with a small release of breath. ‘Okay.’ ‘Promise?’ ‘Promise.’ My dad smiles. ‘I’ll hold you to that.’ Do you know what happened next, corpse? Perry whispers from the deep shadows of my awareness. Can you guess? ‘Why are you showing me all this,’ I ask the darkness. Because it’s what’s left of me, and I want you to feel it. I’m not ready to disappear. ‘Neither am I.’ I sense a cold smile in his voice. Good. ‘There you are.’ Julie heaves herself up the ladder and stands on the roof of my new home, watching me. I glance at her, then put my face back in my hands. She makes her way over, cautious steps on the flimsy sheet metal, and sits next to me on the roof edge. Our legs dangle, swinging slowly in the cold autumn air. ‘Perry?’ I don’t answer. She studies the side of my face. She reaches out and brushes two fingers through my shaggy hair. Her blue eyes pull on me like gravity, but I resist. I stare down at the muddy street. ‘I can’t believe I’m here,’ I mumble. ‘This stupid house. With all these discards.’ She doesn’t respond immediately. When she does, it’s quiet. ‘They’re not discards. They were loved.’ ‘For a while.’ ‘Their parents didn’t leave. They were taken.’ ‘Is there a difference?’ She looks at me so hard I have no choice but to meet her gaze. ‘Your mom loved you, Perry. You’ve never had to doubt that. And so did your dad.’ I can’t hold the weight. I give in and let it fall on me. I twist my head away from Julie as the tears come. ‘Believe that God discarded you if you want to, fate or destiny or whatever, but at least you know they loved you.’ ‘What does it even matter,’ I croak, avoiding her eyes. ‘Who gives a shit. They’re dead. That’s the present. That’s what matters now.’ We don’t speak for a few minutes. The cold breeze pricks tiny bumps on our arms. Bright leaves find their way in from the outer forests, spinning down into the Stadium’s vast mouth and landing on the house’s roof. ‘You know what, Perry,’ Julie says. Her voice is shaky with hurts all her own. ‘Everything dies eventually. We all know that. People, cities, whole civilisations. Nothing lasts. So if existence was just binary, dead or alive, here or not here, what would be the fucking point in anything?’ She looks up at some falling leaves and puts out her hand to catch one, a flaming red maple. ‘My mom used to say that’s why we have memory. And the opposite of memory – hope. So things that are gone can still matter. So we can build off our pasts and make futures.’ She twirls the leaf in front of her face, back and forth. ‘Mom said life only makes any sense if we can see time how God does. Past, present and future all at once.’ I allow myself to look at Julie. She sees my tears and tries to wipe one away. ‘So what’s the future?’ I ask, not flinching as her fingers brush my eye. ‘I can see the past and the present, but what’s the future?’ ‘Well . . .’ she says with a broken laugh. ‘I guess that’s the tricky part. The past is made out of facts and history . . . I guess the future is just hope.’ ‘Or fear.’ ‘No.’ She shakes her head firmly and sticks the leaf in my hair. ‘Hope.’ The Stadium rises on the horizon as the Dead stumble forward. It looms above most of the surrounding buildings and consumes several city blocks, a gaudy monument to an era of excess, a world of waste and want and misguided dreams that is now profoundly over. Our cadaverous cadre has been walking for a little over a day, roaming the open roads like Kerouac beats with no gas money. The others are hungry, and there’s a brief, mostly wordless debate between M and the rest before they stop at an old boarded-up town house to feed. I wait outside. It’s been more days than I can remember since my last meal, but I find myself strangely content. There’s a neutral feeling in my veins, balanced precisely between hungry and sated. The screams of the people in the house pierce me more sharply than in all my days of hands-on killing, and I’m not even anywhere near them. I’m standing far out in the street, pushing my palms into my ears and waiting for it to be over. When they emerge, M avoids my gaze. He wipes the blood off his mouth with the back of his hand and shoots me just one guilty glance before brushing past. The others are not quite there yet, not even to M’s level of conscience, but there is something a little different about them, too. They take no leftovers. They dry their bloody hands on their pants. They walk in uneasy silence. It’s a start. As we get close enough to the Stadium to catch the first whiffs of the Living, I go over the plan in my head. It’s not much of a plan, really. It’s cartoonishly simple, but here’s why it might work: it’s never been tried before. There has never been enough will to make a way. A few blocks from the entry gate, we stop in an abandoned house. I go into the bathroom and study myself in the mirror like the former resident must have done a thousand times. In my head I jog through the maddening repetitions of the morning routine, getting into character. Alarm-shower-clothes-breakfast. Do I look my best? Am I putting my best foot forward? Am I stepping out the door prepared for everything this world has to throw at me? I run some gel through my hair. I splash some aftershave on my face. I straighten my tie. ‘Ready,’ I tell the others. M sizes me up. ‘Close . . . enough.’ We head for the gates. Within a few blocks, the smell of the Living is nearly overpowering. It’s as if the Stadium is a massive Tesla Coil crackling with storms of fragrant pink life-lightning. Everyone in our group stares at it in awe. Some of them drool freely. If they hadn’t just eaten, our loosely constructed strategy would collapse in an instant. Before we get within sight of the gate, we take a side street and stop at an intersection, hiding behind a UPS truck. I step out slightly and look around the corner. Less than two blocks away, four guards stand in front of the Stadium’s main entrance doors, dangling shotguns over their shoulders and chatting among themselves. Their gruff, military sentences use even fewer syllables than ours. I look at M. ‘Thanks. For . . . doing this.’ ‘Sure,’ M says. ‘Don’t . . . die.’ ‘Trying . . . not to. Are . . . ready?’ I nod. ‘Look . . . alive . . . out there.’ I smile. I brush my hair back one more time, take a deep breath, and run for it. ‘Help!’ I scream, waving my arms. ‘Help, they’re . . . right behind me!’ With my best possible balance and poise, I run towards the doors. M and the other Dead lumber after me, groaning theatrically. The guards react on instinct: they raise their guns and open fire on the zombies. An arm flies off. A leg. One of the anonymous nine loses a head and goes down. But not a single weapon points in my direction. Painting Julie’s face on the air in front of me, I sprint with Olympian focus. My stride is good, I can feel it, I look normal, alive, and so I snap neatly into a category: ‘Human’. Two more guards emerge with guns drawn, but they barely even look at me. They squint, they take aim at their targets, and they shout, ‘Go! Get in there, man!’ Two more zombies hit the ground behind me. As I slip in through the doors, I see M and the remaining Dead veer off and retreat. As they go, their gait suddenly changes. They lose their stumble and run like living things. Not as fast as me, not as graceful, but with purpose. The guards hesitate, the gunfire falters. ‘What the fuck . . . ?’ one of them mutters. Inside the entrance is a man with a clipboard and a notebook. An immigration officer, ready to take my name and have me fill out a stack of request forms before most likely tossing me out. The Dead have depended on this man for years to provide us with the defenceless stragglers we eat in the ruins outside. He comes towards me, flipping through his notebook, making no eye contact. ‘Close call, eh, friend? I’m going to need you to – ‘ ‘Ted! Look at this shit!’ Ted looks up, looks through the open doors, sees his fellow soldiers standing dumbstruck. He glances at me. ‘Wait right here.’ Ted jogs out and stops next to the guards, staring at the eerily animate zombies dashing off into the distant streets like real people. I imagine the look on the men’s faces, their stomachs bubbling with the queasy sensation that the earth under their feet is moving. Momentarily forgotten, I turn and run. I run through the dark entry corridor towards the light on the other end, wondering if this is a birth canal or the tunnel to Heaven. Am I coming or going? Either way, it’s too late to reverse. Hidden in the gloom under a red evening sky, I step into the world of the Living. How to cite Warm Bodies Step two taking, Essay examples

The Strategic Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Marketing ? Answer : Introduction Strategic marketing plays a very crucial role in the market success of any organization. It is important therefore for any organization especially business organizations to put in place the right structures to promote strategic marketing in their organizations. Strategic marketing is defined the process of identifying the strategic advantages that a business organization has and allocating the necessary resources to help the organization achieve its objectives. Therefore, business organizations should put a lot of focus on strategic marketing in order to help their organizations achieve high sales volumes and improve their market share (JanMarimuthu,2015). This report critically analyzes the Oman Islamic banking paper to identify the strategic marketing plans that are in place to introduce this completely new product in the market. The first section of the report contains an analysis of key marketing issues in the paper. Some of these issues include the consumer behavior of consumers concerning the new Islamic banking model. Summary of the article The article discusses the strategic issues the new Islamic banking model is going to face in the Oman market. The first part of the paper discusses the sustainability of the Islamic banking model. Interest in Islamic financial products increased around the yaer2010 after the organizations which were involved in Islamic banking were found to be least affected by the global crisis of 2009. The consumer behavior towards this product is positive since there is a lot of uptake of the idea among many Islamic countries especially in the Middle East. The industry is estimated to be worthy over $1,000billion. The future growth potential of the industry is very high according to Wigglesworth (2001). There is increasing expendable income among young consumers in Oman means that the banking sector will have increased demand for loans especially from the youth who are the majority in the country. The Islamic banking system expects to face stiff competition from conventional banks that aim to ente r the market through the windows model. These banks already have an established customer base and therefore banks specializing in Islamic products will be at a disadvantage. Branding is expected to be an area of concern especially for conventional banks since they will have a lot of convincing to do especially to customers who understand the working of Islamic banking. The new Islamic banks will position themselves as being unique in their operations and application of Sharia law in the banking system. Strategic role of marketing in the contemporary perspective This paper will use the articles by Alharbi (2015) about development of Islamic banking and the article by Hussain and Shah (2014) about Islamic banking and Finance in India and Sri Lanka. This section critically analyzes the article on Islamic banking in Oman by comparing and contrasting it with what the two peer reviewed journal s discuss. The marketing of new Islamic banking system in Oman is done after thorough and extensive research has been done on the products and the consumer behavior of customers in the market. According to (JanMarimuthu, 2015).when developing an effective marketing strategy for a business enterprise, the needs of the consumers must be given utmost priority. This is because customers are the main reason why the product is being introduced in the first place One of the major roles of marketing for an organizational is that it helps the organization to identify its competitive advantages (Alharbi, 2015). This is very important because, it helps the organization to know the areas that it is ahead of its competitors in the market. The organization can then use the identified competitive advantages to develop products that are more responsive to the needs of the customers. Identification of the competitive advantages also helps the company to specialize in areas that it uses the minimum amount of resources to maximize output. From the article on introduction of Islamic banking in Oman, the competitive advantage that the new banks are going to enjoy is that of specializing in Islamic banking products only and therefore attract customers who are not satisfied by conventional banking system. The competitive advantage that the new system is expected to enjoy and use to compete with customers may be undermined by the already established conventio nal banks and therefore making it difficult for new companies entering the industry. Product positioning is an important factor discussed in the Oman article. The new Islamic banking institution in Oman will face a challenge in positioning themselves in the market. According to (Hussain Shah, 2014) new Islamic institutions face a lot of challenges in positioning itself in the market. One of the reasons why this institutions find it difficult to position themselves is that there exist many other financial institutions that are offering almost similar products and services as the new Islamic banking institutions. The new Islamic banking institutions in Oman will also find it difficult to differentiate itself on cost. This is due to the fact that Islamic banking system does not allow interest rates in lending and this reduces the revenue of such financial institutions (Alharbi, 2015). Marketing has a strategic role in that it is the means through which the consumers are informed of the existence of the product, place where its offered, its price as well as the features of the product (Hussain Shah 2014). The combination of the four Ps of marketing is very important. Unless customers are made aware that a product exists and further information on the product is availed, it is very difficult for the customers to come and buy the product (Greuning Iqbal, 2008). Customers are made aware of the product using various methods and techniques such as mainstream media advertising such as TV and Radio, outdoor advertising through billboards, social media advertising as well as promotional efforts such as road shows and event sponsorship. The new Islamic banking product has to be made popular to customers by carrying out promotional efforts to inform customers of the need for the product given the religious and cultural factors that influence customer behavior in this count ry (Hussain and Shah, 2014). The relation with customers and ease of use of the Islamic banking system will be crucial in determining the success of this new system The availability of highly skilled labor force locally is cited as one of the major factors that will influence the growth of Islamic banking in the Sultanate. This is because, to introduce the system successfully, employees of the financial institution must have the right training and experience to understand the operations of the system. The article by (Ahmed, 2015) also recognizes the role played by educational institutions in producing graduates who are well equipped and trained in Islamic banking operations. The cost of on job training would otherwise be very high for the new entrants in the market. Competition in the industry in Oman is seen to be very stiff. The introduction of Islamic banking in Oman is expected to face very stiff competition from established financial institutions which may use the Window strategy to venture into the Islamic banking market. This is expected to be a disadvantage to the company since the banks have an already established customer base. This therefore means that once the conventional banks start offering the same products and services as Islamic banks, the new Islamic finance institutions will be at a disadvantage. Alharbi 2015 also argues that it is common for banks offering specialized Islamic banking to face competition from established conventional banks. Competition will not be as stiff as imagined since it will be a bit difficult for the existing conventional banks to position themselves again in the market. Application of the articles to Omani market The new Islamic banking product in Oman will definitely face challenges in its implementation but there is huge possibility of the product becoming successful in the market (Jan and Marimuthu, 2015). The market share of the Islamic banking product cannot be accurately predicted because the product is completely new. Information gathered on demand of Islamic banking products that are in line with the Sharia Laws is very important in marketing of the product. This is because the marketers already know what the consumer needs and therefore, the marketing of the product will be consumer focused. When it comes to practical marketing of this product after its implementation has begun. It might be found that the demand was not as high as was predicted. This may be majorly due to religious and culture influence which may make potential customers to be reluctant in taking up the new idea. This section of the report compares both the findings and discussions in the two journal articles discuss ed above with the Oman market. On competition, the article by Alharbi (2015) says that the level of competition is high for financial institutions that are entering the Islamic banking industry. The level of competition is particularly high especially in countries where the conventional banking system already exists. Alharbi argues that the conventional banks tend to react to the entry of new firms in the market and start offering the same products and services hence locking out the new firms. However, in Alharbi (2015) argues that competition is less intense in countries that are very conservative religiously since conventional banking system does not work in this country. Compared to the environment in the Oman market, it is found out that the competitive environment in most countries is almost the same. In both the Oman article and the articles by Alharbi (2015) and Hussain and Shah (2014), the consumers are seen to be very rationale. Consumers are rationale when making decisions on what to buy. The customers are very sensitive to prices and the quality of products and services offered by firms in the market. Another important consumer behavior found in this analysis is that consumers are not loyal to the brands or products they consume. This therefore means it is easy for new firms to attract new customers from the existing financial institutions. Branding and positioning by new Islamic banking financial institution is difficult even in countries like India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. This is mainly because, the existing industry player have diverse products that are almost similar to those offered by institutions using the Islamic banking model. The existing financial institutions enjoy economies of scale since they already have a huge customer base and therefore it is easy for the companies to offer products and services at a lower cost. The branding of the institutions under the new model will also be difficult since it will depend mostly on religious factors and consideration. This may not be so appealing to people who are not Muslims or Muslims who are not so much into Sharia law. However, it is possible to brand the institutions based on other factors such as good customer relations and use of advanced and unique technology in banking. The article on Islamic banking in Oman has various strengths. One of the strengths of the article is that it has clearly identified the market demand of the product through a comprehensive market research of the target market. This will help in coming up with a concrete plan for the new business while possessing all the necessary information concerning the market. The other strength of the paper is that it has analyzed the external environment that the business is expected to be subjected to. This information includes political environment, cultural environment, economic and technological environment The weakness of the paper is the fact that it has not analyzed the challenges that the introduction of the new Islamic banking product is going to face in the market except the religious factor that is very crucial in this market. The paper should have evaluated and analyzed all the potential challenges that the new form of banking in Oman was likely to face including operational challenges, infrastructural, logistical, competition and many more (Jan and Marimuthu, 2015). Conclusion Strategies are very important when introducing a new product into a new market. Therefore an organization needs to put a lot of emphasis on marketing especially for a new product. Marketing helps to inform customers of the existence of the product and how these products help in fulfilling the needs of the customers. The critically analysis of the role of strategic marketing in helping to introduce Islamic banking in Oman has provided an insight on what is needed to introduce a product in such a market successfully. This paper analyzes and discusses journal articles which relate to the article on Islamic banking system in Oman. Differences and similarities are identified on the challenges and the environmental factors affecting the industry. The third section contains a comparison of the articles discussed and the case of the Oman market .Despite the fact that it is a relatively new product, a case study of the performance of the product in other markets is important in providing insi ght into what is needed to succeed in this industry. The paper has various strengths and weaknesses with its main strength being the fact that it has done adequate market research on the industry in which the business is going to operate. References Akgu?Ndu?Z, A. (2009). Studies in Islamic economics: (Islamic banking and development). Rotterdam, Islamitische Universiteit Rotterdam Schoon, N. (2009). Islamic banking and finance. London, Spiramus Press. Application of the articles to Omani marketAlharbi, A. (2015). Development of the Islamic Banking System. Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 3(1) Greuning, H. V., Iqbal, Z. (2008). Risk analysis for Islamic banks. Washington, D.C., World Bank Hussain, S. and Shah, I. (2014). Islamic Banking and Finance in India and Sri Lanka. Journal of Islamic Economics Banking and Finance, 10(1), pp.181-196 Jan, A. and Marimuthu, M. (2015). Sustainability Profile of Islamic Banking Industry: Evidence from World Top Five Islamic Banking Countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(5)

Issues in Auditing and Professional Practice free essay sample

We all consider different risks are less offensive than others and some are willing to take chances others would not even contemplate. Is this a question of morality or being smart? Is smartness driven by greed or is it a matter of testing one’s ability to soar and succeed and seeing how much they can get away with without being caught? I would argue that it has to be driven by some form of self gain or the motivation would be lost. Certainly this was the case in the Enron scandal. Ethics would say that as long as no harm is done to others then it is fine. Law would look further to see if the â€Å"intention† behind an action is to deceive even if no harm was done up until that point. Therefore, the law is there to curb the â€Å"temptation† for doing things that could possibly cause harm to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Auditing and Professional Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most laws are reactive rather than proactive as they are only established when there’s a breakdown in a presumed ethic or social responsibility. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is a section that helps detect and prevent fraud from happening; however it has taken several major company collapses and losses to thousands of investors for this law to eventuate. This section is not an end to all fraud however as it has been recognised that â€Å"governments cannot legislated against corporate collapses or for corporate integrity† as the former ASIC chairman David Knott said in the article published by The Australian Financial Review on July 18th 2002. As efficient as section 404 may now appear to be, it would be ineffective if the methodologies change. For example, the introductions of CDOs and their complexities appeared reasonable at first. It wasn’t until all the flow-on effects of years of subprime lending that the effect of such dealings showed its flaws. As the status quo changed and accounting rules changed to fair value accounting the basis of the structure upon which the idea of CDOs was built on changed resulting in endless consequences. The â€Å"intentions† of such schemes as the world came to know was greed – a trait that does not sit well with ethics. Now the world is paying the price. Is this judgement day for the world to stand up and say â€Å"no† to greed and â€Å"yes† to ethics? Is this an outcry for more regulation or for ethics? Alas, we have short memories and as we know, unless there’s a policeman behind us we will break the rules. This is why the need for Audit Committees and independent Non-Executive Directors has appeared in the financial world. The opportunist in us prevents us from being totally ethical beings as unfortunate as it may be. We are all ethical when conditions are favourable to us, only a few people stay morally tuned when going through tough times and those are the people who have stuck to their beliefs, whether those beliefs are moral or economic beliefs. I have found no greater satisfaction than achieving success through honest dealing and strict adherence to the view that, for you to gain, those you deal with should gain as well†. Alan Greenspan (American economist and former chairman of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006). Question 1: (Chapter 10 â€Å"Australian Wheat Board†, p135 Question 4) Discuss the lessons to be learnt from the AWB s candal. The Australian Wheat Board (AWB) case illustrates how, despite the introduction of laws such as CLERP 9 (2004) to combat corporate fraud, there still exist opportunities for fraud to occur and executives who take those chances. There are lessons to be learned from this case relating to the culture in which management operated, and the importance of risk management and internal controls. The timeline shown in Appendix 1 lists the chronology of events concerning and surrounding the AWB since the first Gulf war in Iraq in 1990 through to its exposure in 2006. This provides the key background details about the case. The consequences of the AWB fraud have been vast. According to Commissioner Terence Cole who headed the inquiry to determine if the â€Å"AWB or its officers broke any Australian Laws† reported the following consequences: (Johnson R. 2007, p126-127) -The AWB lost its reputation -Shareholders lost half the value of their investment through a decline in share prices during 2006 placing the company in a vulnerable state to a takeover -Trade with Iraq worth over AUD$500 million has been forfeited -Many senior executives have resigned Some companies will not deal with the AWB -Some wheat farmers are unwilling to trade with AWB in Australia and overseas -Australia’s reputation in international trade has been tarnished -The Iraqi Grains Board suspended purchases of wheat from the AWB, Iraq being one of AWB’s top three export markets -The AWB lost its right to veto any application by competitors to export bulk whea t supplies From a legal point of view Professor Ramsay, a corporate law professor at the University of Melbourne, stated that the directors, including non-executive directors in the audit and risk committees breached their duty of care under Section 180 of the Corporations Act (Refer Appendix 2) which requires company officers to act with â€Å"care and diligence†. Section 181 also requires that these duties be discharged in â€Å"good faith and for a proper purpose†. In the 2003, 2004 and 2005 Annual Report of the AWB it is stated that one of the audit committee’s roles is â€Å"to monitor policies and procedures to ensure compliance with statutory and legal, financial and corporate governance responsibilities†. It would appear that the audit committee in this case did not perform its corporate governance responsibilities very well particularly when directors with certain skills and industry knowledge should have known or ought to have known certain facts, in this case that the trucking fees were not genuine and were likely to be contraventions of the United Nations sanctions on Trade with Iraq.

Free Essays on Morrison´s Treatment Of Female And Male Psychology In 1937

, it is evident that Nel could shine and feel herself in Sula’s company. To conclude, we can say that both, Sula and Nel are linked no... Free Essays on Morrison ´s Treatment Of Female And Male Psychology In 1937 Free Essays on Morrison ´s Treatment Of Female And Male Psychology In 1937 In examining Morrison’s treatment of female and male psychology in â€Å"1937† we can appreciate an important difference in the character’s behaviour. We can say that Sula and Nel represents two essential and complex parts (fearless-weakness) of a sole woman, while Jude seems to symbolise men’s simplicity and chauvinism. From the female point of view, the author shows us that women (in this black comunity) are complex and decided. We see complexity since Sula and Nel are combined to create a complete being. Sula and Nel are polar opposites, however they need each other in order to exist. On the one hand, Sula has the appearance of a seductive and daring woman. When she returns to the Bottom, after ten years of absence, she is described as a â€Å"movie star†(90) who â€Å"attracts the glances of old men†(90). She behaves in a daring and careless way; we can see that when she argues with Eva, â€Å"don’t talk to me about how much you gave me, big mamma, and how much I owe you†. But at the same time she shows care and compassion when she asks Nel what to do with her grandmother. Sula says to Nel â€Å"you always had better sense than me. Whenever I was scared before, you knew what to do†(101), so we realise that Sula needs Nel’s support to make a decision. On t he other hand, Nel shows the stereotypical good qualities of a mature woman. Opposed to Sula, Nel is married and leads a common way of life. She takes care of her children and she is very devoted to household activities. Nel enjoys her motherhood and her marriage, but we realise that she does not feel complete .Now that Sula is back, Nel feels renewed and strong. â€Å"Her old friend had come home. Sula. Who made her laugh, who made her see things with new eyes, in whose presence she felt clever, gentle and a little raunchy†(95). In other words, it is evident that Nel could shine and feel herself in Sula’s company. To conclude, we can say that both, Sula and Nel are linked no...

The Oda Nobunaga's Restoration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Oda Nobunaga's Restoration - Essay Example Both Meiji and Nobunaga are believed to have similar political philosophy evidenced in the need to unify the society. Meiji Restoration had to deal with dissenting forces which had thrived under Tokugawa regime for a long period of time. Meiji was forced to be as forceful and unifying as Nobunaga during the last third of the 19th century through the early 20th century Japan following many decades of unresolved social differences, ideological wars and the threat of the Shogun attack (Turnbull 99). From these different sources of offensive power, the Restoration leadership prioritized the policy of power consolidation under the emperor in as much the same way as Nobunaga did in the 16th century. In the course of the new political dispensation, both Meiji political elite and Nobunaga regime faced similar challenges staged by isolated, but fanatical supporters of the status quo. For Nobunaga, the adamant Ikko sect stood out with its religious policy against Nobunaga’s efforts to bring the country together by maintaining the support of minor local rulers (Turnbull 13). The sect also expanded its influence by supporting Yoshiaki, and by rallying its supporters along the influential daimyo of a number of administrative regions. In all, the 16th century ruler battled the Ikko sect through direct confrontations and indirectly for over a decade until he achieved unity of the society. According to Turnbull (100) it was only through peaceful process overseen by the royal court at Kyoto that the Nobunaga regime successfully overcame of the Monastery of Hongan Temple in Osaka. The monastery was most one of the most valued political and military complexes that kept the Ikko’s spirit of resistance alive. After assuming control of several manors and religious constituencies, Nobunaga strengthened his control of the samurai warriors and

International Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Economic - Essay Example This would lead customers to prefer the old company than the new one and thus the infant industry would be trapped in a vicious cycle and in the end would have to close down. The infant industry argument is regarded as one of the greatest arguments of protection known. The argument claims that newly developed small firms should be granted some protection for their survival. The new firms have very little chance of competing with the already established and flourishing old firms in the developed countries that is why they require some sort of protection to enable their survival. The already established industries have more exposure to the world and have greater knowledge of the ways of production, market, labor etc and are able to sell their goods at a lower price in the international market without suffering any kind of loss, in fact for a greater profit. On the other hand, a firm producing the same product in a relatively new setup industry would not have the same production technologies available to it. The employees and the management would lack the experience and knowledge. A head on competition with the old industries, would make them a cripple and they might have to close down. Now narrowing it down to the international scenario, we see that developing countries are the ones that need the protection more. They lack the basic resources required to establish an industry and even if established they have little resources or talent to keep it thriving. Instead they become victim to the developed countries, and can not meet their standard of production, quality, expertise etc. The under developed nations lack human resources and therefore can not develop the natural ones. As the porter model suggests the availability of raw material can not give an industry a competitive edge until and unless we are able to develop and upgrade them. However the third world country lacks the modern technology and knowledge base that the developed countries possess. Therefore no matter how hard they fight, no matter what advertising policies they adopt, it is very difficult for them to come up to the mark and challenge the old firms. Thus the laws of humanity suggest that some so rt of protection must be given to "infant industries" for the purpose of their survival. These protections can be given in many forms. For instance, Quotas. For many years, the textile industry of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have been given subsidies. Also protection can be given in the form of import tariffs. With this the domestic price of the goods will rise and the imports will decrease from the rest of the world. If the prices are raised within a certain limit then the firm would be able to cover its high production costs and then remain in business. After a span of some years, these firms would acquire more experience and knowledge which in turn would lead to them being able to produce more cheaply. The firms would then do the same things that the developed country firms did and thus would be able to improve even more. So protection in simple words, gives an infant industry time to settle into the fast paced world. Furthermore since the firm's production efficiency would improve, the

Situation analysis of Grill`d Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Situation analysis of Grill`d - Essay Example The paper presents a brief situation analysis of Grill’d comprising major components to it; market analysis, product analysis, competition, distribution analysis and SWOT analysis etc. This paper highlighted that Grill’d, though started as a small upstart in 2004, has now emerged to be a big company operating through 51 own and franchised businesses and delivering quality and fresh burgers across major towns of Australia. Local marketing has been a significant marketing strategy, whereas franchising and Airstream by which it sends its van with burgers to various programs and events are other significant distribution strategies. As far as competition is concerned, the company faces quite fierce competition from local as well as multinationals such as McDonald and Burger King. It has more opportunities since it can always ensure its presence whenever there are events or festivals. To develop a comprehensive marketing plan about the product or service being marketed usually requires formative research that can flesh out details of strengths and opportunities the firm experiences. With a situation analysis, the firm can look inward to understand its strengths and weaknesses and look outward to see what its opportunities and threats are. Grill’d is a chain of burger bars designing, making and selling fresh, healthy and quality beef, chicken breast and lamb burgers. When the first Gril’d restaurant was opened in Melbourne in March 2004, it has truly caused people to think of ‘quality meal-sized burgers’ to be available in parts of Australia and the dream became reality that the company opened as many as more than 45 branches in several regions of Australia such as Brisbane, Coolangatta, Sydney, Newscattle etc. (Franchise Business, 2012) The company operates through its won as well as franchised stores with a view to meet an on going and ever increasing demand for quality hamburgers made with fresh and fine ingredients of chicken and beef. As far the basic marketing concept is concerned, it should start with potential customer needs, but not with production process (Perreault, Cannon and McCarthy, p. 6). A successful marketer is one who anticipates needs and determines what specific goods or services to be offered to target the customers. Grill’d is another example for how successfully a marketer can anticipate needs and thus seize marketing opportunities. It has been a major reason why Grill’d is Australia’s one of the fastest growing hamburger retail networks (dcstrategy.com, 2012). It not only anticipated the customer needs for burgers, but also the latent customers’ seeking of quality, fresh and fine ingredients for food or related items available in the market. The Market Situation As noted by the 2007 CEO of Grill’d, Simon Crowe, the company mainly appeals to a wide spectrum of customers, being the primary targeted market as people between the ages of 21 and 28. Quite specifically, this generation highly particular about fast food and are becoming greatly familiar with fast food concept, but are health conscious too. Grill’d is targeting this generation since they want food that is adult-oriented with a concept of ‘f un-food designs’ and they expect it from reliable brand (The Australian, 2007). A target market comprises of set of buyers who share common needs, characteristics or features that the marketer decides to serve them (Armstrong and Kotler, 2005, p. 199). Buyers have unique needs and wants that the company target them with certain product or service

Bacterial Transformation Efficiency: E.Coli with pGLO

Bacterial Transformation Efficiency: E.Coli with pGLO Bacterial Transformation Efficiency in E.Coli with pGLO Plasmids By: Richard Stone Introduction The conversion of one genotype into another by the introduction of exogenous DNA (that is, bits of DNA from an external source) is termed transformation. The transformation was discovered in Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1928 by Frederick Griffith; in 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrated that the transforming principle was DNA. Both results are milestones in the elucidation of the molecular nature of genes. 1 Bacteria transformation is the process of a bacteria absorbing and expressing foreign genetic information using plasmids. Plasmids are small circular molecules of DNA that holds a small number of genes. The plasmids used in the experiment have the ampicillin resistance gene. Ampicillin (amp) is an antibiotic used to kill bacteria such as E. coli, the bacteria used in the experiment. E. coli (Escherichia coli) is a simple bacterium commonly found in our bodys and in everyday life but most commonly found in mammals intestines. Glowing Fluorescent Proteins (GFPs) is the gene found in jellyfish that holds bioluminescent properties and glow under UV light. By knowing the location of the gene, scientists can cut out the GFP gene from the jellyfish DNA. They do this using restriction enzymes to which recognize and cut DNA in a specific region of nucleotides to acquire a specific gene. Once the gene is isolated, it can be used in the experiment and glued into a plasmid that contains the AMP gene. This is done by sticky ends as the Jellyfish DNA binds to the amp resistance plasmid using hydrogen bonds which are hen sealed by DNA ligase. This creates pGLO a plasmid which is used in the experiment in the transformation of the bacteria. Before it can be part of the transformation the bacteria must be made competent to accept the pGLO. This is done by heat shocking the bacteria which makes it easier for the pGLO to be incorporated into the bacteria. For the bacteria to fluoresce sunder UV light it must be in presence of arabinose sugars, which turns on the gene for the production of Glowing Fluorescent Proteins.2 The amp Resistance gene enables bacteria to survive in the presence of the antibiotic ampicillin. When a plasmid containing both the GFP gene and AMP gene (pGLO) is transferred into an E. coli bacterium, the transformed cells can be grown in a culture dish that contains ampicillin. Only a small number of bacteria cells will be transformed and grow on the LB (lysoge ny broth) and amp plates and glow. 3 The experiment demonstrates how Bacteria is modified to express a specific gene through the process of bacterial transformation. The purpose of this experiment is to find the efficiency of bacterial transformation in E. Coli bacteria by observing their expression of the plasmids. This is calculated by determining the frequency of the bacterium with GFPs and arabinose sugars by counting the glowing colonies. It was the results for each plate was hypothesized before the experiment. The LB plate with only the bacteria and no pGLO administered will grow a lawn of bacteria and have no glowing properties. The LB with ampicillin but bacteria without pGLO will not survive at all and there will be no bacteria growth. The LB plate with amp and bacteria with the pGLO will have bioluminescent properties but only a very small percentage of the bacteria will survive the amp and bacterial transformation will occur. Finally, the LB with no amp but the bacteria with the pGLO will form a lawn of bacteria and the bacteria that is transformed will glow like the previous plate. The efficiency of the bacterial transformation is hypothesized using in class discussion and background knowledge, to be about 810-4 %. 4 Materials and Methods E. coli bacteria cultures 100-1000  µl micropipette 0.5-10  µl micropipette sterile tips 2 sterile 15-ml test tubes 500 ÃŽÂ ¼L of ice cold 0.05M CaCl2 (ph. 6.1) 500 ÃŽÂ ¼L of lysogeny broth/agar a spreading rod Bunsen burner 4 agar plates: 2 ampicillins+ and 2 ampicillin an incubator a sterile inoculating loop 10 ÃŽÂ ¼L of pAMP solution a timer ice tape sterile glass beads a water bath 1. Use a permanent marker to label one sterile 15-ml tube +, and another -. 2. Use a 100-1000  µl micropipette and sterile tip to add 250  µl of CaCl2 (calcium chloride) solution to each tube. 3. Place both tubes on ice. 4. Use a sterile inoculating loop to transfer a visible mass of E. coli from a starter plate to the + tube: a. Sterilize loop in Bunsen burner flame until it glows red hot. b. Carefully, stab loop into agar to cool. c. Scrape up a visible mass of E. coli, but be careful not to transfer any agar. (Impurities in agar can inhibit transformation.) d. Immerse loop tip in CaCl2 solution and vigorously tap against the wall of the tube to dislodge bacteria. Hold tube up to light to observe the bacteria drop off into the calcium chloride solution. Make sure cell mass is not left on a loop or on side of tube. e. Sterilize loop before setting it on the lab bench. 5. Immediately suspend cells in the + tube by repeatedly pipetting in and out, using a 100-1000  µl micropipette with a fresh sterile tip.a. Pipet carefully to avoid making bubbles in suspension or splashing suspension far up sides of the tube. b. Hold tube up to light to check that suspension is homogeneous. No visible clumps of cells should remain. 6. Return + tube to ice. 7. Transfer the second mass of cells to tube as described in Step 4, and resuspend cells as described in Step 5. 8. Return tube to ice. Both tubes should be on the ice. 9. Use a 0.5-10  µl micropipette to add 10  µl of 0.005  µg/ µl pGFP solution directly into cell suspension in the + tube. Tap tube with a finger to mix. Avoid making bubbles in suspension or splashing suspension up to the sides of the tube. [DO NOT ADD pGFP TO THE - TUBE.] 10. Return + tube to ice. Incubate both tubes on ice for 15 minutes. 11. While cells are incubating, use a permanent marker to label two LB plates and two LB/amp plates with name and the date. Label one LB/amp plate + GFP. This is the experimental plate. Label the other LB/amp plate - GFP. This is a negative control. Label one LB plate + GFP. This is a positive control. Label the other LB plate - GFP. This is a negative control. 12. Following the 15-minute incubation on ice, heat shock the cells in both the + and tubes. It is critical that cells receive a sharp and distinct shock: a. Carry ice beaker to the water bath. Remove tubes from ice, and immediately immerse in 42 °C water bath for 90 seconds. b. Immediately return both tubes to ice, and let stand on ice for at least 1 additional minute. 13. Place + and tubes in test tube rack at room temperature. 14. Use a 100-1000  µl micropipette with a fresh sterile tip to add 250  µl of sterile LB medium to each tube. Gently tap tubes to mix. This will allow the cells to recover from the heat shock. 15. Use the matrix below as a checklist as + and cells are spread on each plate: 16. Use a 100-1000  µl micropipette with a fresh sterile tip to add 100  µl of cell suspension from the tube onto the LB plate and another 100  µl onto the LB/amp plate. 17. Use a 100-1000  µl micropipette with a fresh sterile tip to add 100  µl of cell suspension from the + tube onto + LB plate and another 100  µl of cell suspension onto + LB/amp plate. [Do not let suspensions sit on plates too long before proceeding to Step 18.] 18. Use sterile glass beads to spread cells over the surface of each plate: a.Obtain four 1.5 ml tubes containing at least five sterilized glass beads. b.Lift lid of one plate, only enough to allow pouring of the beads from one of the 1.5 ml tubes onto the surface of the agar. Replace plate lid; do not set the lid down on the lab bench. Repeat for all plates. c.Use beads to spread bacteria evenly on plates by moving plates side to side several times. Do not move plates in a circular motion. d.Rotate plates  ¼ turn, and repeat spreading motion. Repeat two more times. The object is to separate cells on agar so that each gives rise to a distinct colony of clones. 19. Let plates set for several minutes to allowing the suspension to become absorbed into the agar. Then wrap together with tape. 20. Place plates upside down in 37 °C incubator, and incubate for 12-24 hours, or store at room temperature for approximately 48 hours.5 Results Transformed cells Non-transformed cells LB/amp Bacterial Growth in form of green colonies No growth on plate LB Growth spread across entire plate (bacteria lawn) Growth spread across entire plate (bacteria lawn) Table 1. the E. coli bacterial plates after incubation. Discussion Before the experiment was conducted the results of each plate was hypothesized. It was believed that the plate with only the LB and no plasmids added would grow a lawn of bacteria, this was proven correct by the experiment. The plate with LB and ampicillin but no pGLO was predicted to have no growth, which was also proven correct by the experiment. The plate with LB and ampicillin but the bacteria was administered with the pGLO was predicted to survive the amp but not in very large quantities. Finally, for the plate with only LB but with the pGLO administered to the bacteria it was hypothesized that it would glow, not necessarily in large quantities but at least a little. This was different from the results of the experiment in which the bacteria did not show bioluminescent properties. This can occur for numerous reasons, the lack of bacteria that was transformed, unsterile equipment, improper heat shocking to make the bacteria competent. While all these are the possible reasoning fo r the experiment results the most probable cause for the plates to not grow is the lack of arabinose sugar which is an important part in the expression of the GFPS (see introduction). If the plates lack the arabinose sugar the GFP proteins may not be expressed. This explains why the LB only plate with the pGLO did not produce transformed bacteria. This also draws questions to why the plate with LB and ampicillin and the transformed bacteria. Why would it glow if it didnt have any arabinose sugar? This most likely is explained by the fact that it must have been administered in the LB but not in the others.3 The transformation Efficiency was determined by counting the number of colonies on the LB/amp plate pGFP. Any bacteria that shows light under the UV light must have accepted the plasmids and successfully transformed the desired genes to survive the lb/amp plate and express the GFP gene. Each colony represents one bacteria that has been transformed. Using this the efficiency can be determined. Transformation efficiency is expressed as the number of antibiotic resistant colonies per  µg of pGFP DNA. To find this the mass of the pGFP used must first be determined by the formula Concentration X Volume = Mass. This is shown in figure 1 and was calculated using the formula 0.005  µg / µl x 10  µl = 0.05  µg. Then using the formula to determine the total number of cells per plate the fraction of cells suspended onto the +LB/Amp plate. This is shown in figure 1 and was calculated using the formula .005  µg/510  µl=9.810^-5  µg / µl this number must them be multiplied by 100 because there are approximately 100 cells in use. This is calculated in figure 1 and is solved to be 9.810^-3. To determine the transformants per microgram the formula (total transformed cells/cells per plate)/10000 to find the efficiency in transformants per microgram. This is solved in figure 1 to be 8.673 transformants per microgram. Then the Transformation Efficiency can be found. This is shown in figure 1 which uses the formula (Total cells to start / total microliters) x 100 microliters to find the total number of cells on the plate. Then the formula (Transformants/ Total cells) x100 = percent of efficiency. This is calculated as (8.673 transformants/ 1,960,784,314) x100 to calculate a transformation efficiency of .000004335% or in scientific notation 10x 4.3355 ^ -6 Before conducting the experiment, it was hypothesized that the transformation efficiency would be about 810^-4%. After doing the experiment the transformation efficiency was found to be 4.33510^-6% or 8.673 transformants per microgram. This proves the percentage of efficiency to be significantly lower than hypothesized. The transformation efficiency being lower than expected shows the rarity of this specific form of genetic modification. The experiment tests how rare it is for the genetic modification to occur and demonstrates the results of the modification and its effect on an organism. Citations Griffiths, Anthony JF. Bacterial Transformation. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th  Edition. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 31 Dec. 2016. Bacterial Transformation. SpringerReference (n.d.): n. pag. Cold Spring Harbor  Laboratory. Dolan DNA Learning Center. Web. Reece, Jane B. Campbell Biology, Volume 1. Boston, MA: Peason Learning Solutions, 2011.  Print. Chapter 20 Transfer, Genetics, And Information. BIOTECHNOLOGY: BACTERIAL  TRANSFORMATION* (n.d.): n. pag. Web Lab Center Bacterial Transformation. Lab Center Bacterial Transformation. N.p., n.d.  Web. 03 Jan. 2017. Bacterial Transformation. SpringerReference (n.d.): n. pag. Web. Role As A Student Nurse | Reflection Role As A Student Nurse | Reflection This essay will discuss a significant event in relation to the peoples priorities identified within the Healthcare Quality Strategy. It will also discuss my role as a student nurse in relation to a patient who is receiving palliative care. The essay will demonstrate my understanding and views on reflection and the issues surrounding my practice. I have chosen Gibbs (1988) reflective framework as it has a structured format and six steps which follow in order starting with a description of the event and ending with an action plan for future practice. The steps are Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Analysis, Conclusion and Action Plan (Gray, 2007). Reid, (1993) describes reflection as a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice. In May 2010, the Scottish Government introduced the Healthcare Quality Strategy for NHS Scotland, their aim is to deliver the peoples priorities which are: firstly caring and compassionate staff and services, good communication and a clear explanation about conditions and treatments, effective teamwork between clinicians, patients and others, a clean and safe care environment, continuity of care and clinical excellence. Secondly, to bring together the patients priorities as well as the values of everyone working within the NHS Scotland. Thirdly, by applying these three interventions and putting them into practice improvements within priority areas of the Healthcare Quality Strategy will be met (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6). This reflective account will identify the way in which these priorities were met in relation to my significant event and it will also confirm their importance. Description Whilst on my Management Placement I met Janet, she is 65 years old and has been admitted to my ward for palliative care. She has end stage bowel cancer and is awaiting a bed at the local hospice. All names have been changed to protect her identity and maintain confidentiality (NMC, 2008). Janets GP has requested that she be admitted onto the ward as she is now confined to bed because of increased pain and a general deterioration of her condition (Dougan and Colquhoun, 2006). Feelings Whilst carrying out my training as a student nurse, I have met a number of palliative patients and you feel helpless as to how to care for these patients. With regard to this experience my feelings are sadness, anger and helplessness. In relation to the peoples priorities, I must provide the best care for my patient and be caring and compassionate always (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6). The level of involvement from all members of the multidisciplinary team, the care and compassion shown to this patient at all times was very humbling (NMC, 2008). I was privileged to have the opportunity to be involved in Janets care as well as working within a ward of clinical excellence (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6). Evaluation A holistic approach with continuity of care is extremely important and all nurses have a central role in providing information, care and support (Kennedy and Lockhart, 2007). Excellent communication and good interpersonal skills are essential in order to provide Janet with the care she requires. Also when dealing with members of the multi-disciplinary team, effective teamwork is imperative again providing Janet and her family with continuity of care and the clinical excellence they require from all staff. I feel the Quality Strategy aim was achieved, as all staff when looking after Janet dealt with her in a caring and reassuring manner at all times, in turn providing Janet with the best care, whilst she was on the ward (Scottish Government, 2010). Analysis Palliative care helps to improve the quality of life for patients and their families who have to come to terms with the difficulties associated with life threatening illness. It is about identifying the patients needs through accurate assessment, good symptom control and sensitive nursing care (Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care, 2012). Over the next few days whilst looking after Janet and taking part in the ward rounds, I was able to plan Janets care. Whilst preparing Janets care plan I put some goals into place with the aim of making Janets stay in hospital as comfortable as possible and also to determine if Janets physical condition was improving or deteriorating (Richards and Edwards, 2008). When planning Janets care I took a holistic approach and looked at her physical, psychological, social, emotional and environmental needs. This included not only the patient, the hospital and any multi-disciplinary team members but also her husband and any other family members she would like involved (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). As Janets condition could change from day to day her care plan was reviewed on a daily basis and updated accordingly (Dougan and Colquhoun, 2006). As Janet was bed bound she required the assistance of two members of staff to assist her with her Activities of Daily Living (Hamilton and Price, 2007). Good personal care from the nurses and the nursing auxiliaries is paramount. As Janet is lying in the same position for a long period of time, the development of pressure ulcers can become a concern as her skin can breakdown quickly. The use of the Waterlow Risk Assessment Tool was used in assessing and establishing the needs of the patient; this involved regular positional changes, a specially prepared mattress for her bed or a cushion for their chair (Waterlow 2012). Following assessment the nurse developed a care plan in order to help maintain patient skin integrity and any actions or implementations which needed to be carried out (Anderson and Fletcher, 2007). In addition to caring for Janet on the ward I was given the opportunity to go to the Hospice and meet with Janets palliative care nurse and also be included in her multi-disciplinary team meeting. This meant I learnt more about Janets condition and therefore provided her with the best care I could whilst she is on the ward. Palliative care patients must have good symptom control of their pain and also nausea and vomiting. Janet was placed on a syringe driver to control her pain. A syringe driver is a small portable pump which is attached to the skin by a cannula and gives the patient a continuous dose of analgesics and/or anti-emetics (MacMillan Cancer Support, 2012). When dealing with patients who are receiving palliative care the peoples priorities are relevant. All nurses must be able to make the patient as comfortable as possible, be aware of their wants and needs and provide a safe and clean environment (Scottish Government, 2010, p.6). On reflection this event has brought further awareness of the level of involvement of staff members from nursing auxiliaries, nurses and consultants. This was shown by the number of multi-disciplinary meetings, assessments, re-assessments, written correspondence and working hours placed into looking after this patient. All staff members were committed to providing the correct input and treatment for this patient and to make her last few days as comfortable as possible (Scottish Government, 2008). Conclusion This reflection has demonstrated the difficultly in caring for palliative care patients. It requires a holistic approach to ensure that the patient and their family receive the best possible attention. Nurses have a duty to ensure that the care they deliver is of an acceptable standard (NMC, 2008). While participating in ward rounds I took on board the doctors instructions and carried out and prioritised the care of my patient, therefore making Janets stay in hospital as comfortable as possible. The code provides values, which can be adapted to any setting and as long as these are followed, nurses will be able to carry out their legal and professional duty of care (NMC, 2008). Identify Steps All staff on this ward were experienced in dealing with palliative care patients. However as a student you can be hesitant when communicating with patients and families at this difficult time for fear of saying something incorrect. Therefore education and training not only for students but for all staff across all care settings should be paramount in order to provide good palliative and end of life care (Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care, 2012). In relation to my transition from student to nurse, palliative care does not only deal with cancer patients but with patients who have long term chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, heart disease and respiratory problems, therefore palliative care is relevant today and also in the future because we will be caring for an ageing population (Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care, 2012) In conclusion and in relation to The Healthcare Quality Strategy I feel that Janet was looked after in a caring and compassionate manner at all times and the nursing auxiliaries and nurses looking after Janet worked well together putting her first and treating her with respect at all times (Scottish Government, 2010). Action Plan Palliative care is a sensitive subject to deal with but I feel that as long as you treat the patient as an individual, listen to their wants and needs, then a positive outcome can be accomplished. Communication and good interpersonal skills are once again highlighted as an essential part of good nursing practice. I must be an effective communicator and be able to provide a high standard of care at all times and this is imperative when dealing with palliative care patients. I must keep my knowledge and skills up to date (NMC, 2008). Whilst on this placement I was expected to take control of situations and be able to communicate and deal with whatever is presented to me. You have to be able to stand on your own two feet and this will be imperative in my transition to becoming a registered nurse. Conclusion In conclusion and in relation to The Health Quality Strategy and my transition from student to nurse, Bowie (2010) states that positive practice should be highlighted as it allows others to learn from it and provides opportunities to improve the safety of patient care. Reflecting on these events has helped me to identify areas where practice needs improvement and given me a greater insight into my own role as a registered nurse.

Free College Essays - Symbolism in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Symbolism      Ã‚  The book The Scarlet Letter is all about symbolism.   People and objects are symbolic of events and thoughts.   Throughout the course of the book, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Hester, Pearl, and Arthur Dimmesdale to signify Puritanic and Romantic philosophies.   Hester Prynne, through the eyes of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner; she has gone against the Puritan ways, committing adultery.   For this irrevocably harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life.   However, the Romantic philosophies of Hawthorne put down the Puritanic beliefs.   She is a beautiful, young woman who has sinned, but is forgiven.   Hawthorne portrays Hester as "divine maternity" and she can do no wrong.   Not only Hester, but the physical scarlet letter, a Puritanical sign of disownment, is shown through the author's tone and diction as a beautiful, gold and colorful piece.   Pearl, Hester's child, is portrayed Puritanically, as a child of sin who should be treated as such, ugly, evil, and shamed.   The reader more evidently notices that Hawthorne carefully, and sometimes not subtly at all, places Pearl above the rest.   She wears colorful clothes, is extremely smart, pretty, and nice.   More often than not, she shows her intelligence and free thought, a trait of the Romantics.   One of Pearl's favorite activities is playing with flowers and trees.   (The reader will recall that anything affiliated with the forest was evil to Puritans.   To Hawthorne, however, the forest was beautiful and natural.)   "And she was gentler here [the forest] than in the grassy-margined streets of the settlement, or in her mother's cottage.   The flowers appeared to know it" (194) Pearl fit in with natural things.   Also, Pearl is always effervescent and joyous, which is definitely a negative to the Puritans.   Pearl is a virtual shouting match between the Puritanical views and the Romantic ways.   To most, but especially the Puritans, one of the most important members of a community is the religious leader; Arthur Dimmesdale is no exception.

Quantittative Research Essay

Quantitative research is very common in natural sciences. Quantitative research is used to verify or support a hypothesis that already exists. Being without the structure provided by a hypothesis in quantitative research between variables tested, may create feeling of insecurity. This is understandable since quantitative research on human behaviour has a more clearly defined research agenda. Research is conducted through a cycle of phases. The methods applied to carry out quantative research are data analysis, which is collected through statistics. The nature of this type of perspective is known as positivism because it strives to tell the world it can be understood in one context. Quantitative research uses a deductive approach, making predictions, and testing hypothesis that have already been carried out. (Coolican, H. 1999) Researchers of quantitative research work with numerical data by analysing numbers. Characteristics have to be put in place in order for results to be accurate and reliable. Prior to conducting a research, researchers have to state both hypotheses. The next task carried out prior to the research is to implement the procedure they are going to use. Researchers have to provide statistical meaningful data and in order to do this they have to use large enough samples of people. A quantifiable sample of 200 people is an absolute minimum in order to carry out a reliable statistical analysis. The accuracy of the research is important therefore correct procedures are employed to collect data analysis. In quantitative research due to the nature, certain types of methods are used to conduct research. Quantitative research is done through questioning and observing. Researchers can manipulate certain parts of the experiment when measuring the results. The methods are of systematic approach; the four main types of research used in quantitative research are descriptive or survey research, correlational research, casual comparative research and experimental research. (Bryman, A. 2004) Correlational research attempts to determine the relationships between two or more variables, experimental research attempts to look for an cause and effect between two or more variables. Correlational and group difference studies look at existing data this is a non-experimental study. The cause an effect here assess the relationship from one study that exists with another study which is the same. Whilst in casual comparative research the researcher has no control over the casual factor or independent variable because it is studied after the fact, this effect is also known as the dependent variable (D. V). Experimental research and casual comparative research looks at cause and effect relationship between two or more variables the difference between the two researches is that casual comparative research have no control whereas experimental research the researcher has control over the independent variable (I. V). (Bryman, A. 2004) A longitudinal survey was conducted looking at behavioural patterns of sport fandom’s. The usefulness of this research was to analyse the behaviour of human explained by social facts. Longitudinal studies can be useful because they study the same group of participants over a certain aspect as time passes. The survey examined showing the behavioural component of sport fandom attending games. The data was collected in consecutive seasons, the methodology of study was to be reliable and in order to do this they collected data between clubs. The advantage of this survey showed the composition of the crowd, and their overt behaviour. The usefulness of using quantative methodology was to measure overt behaviour, and the different aspects in measuring the composition of the sports crowd. This study can be replicated again to compare the quantitative methodology. In this research the reliability and validity is determined more than a qualitative technique. Even though the survey showed the composition of the crowd and their overt behaviour, the methodology does not attempt to explain the underlying assumptions of sport fandom. The individuals in the study are regarded as a â€Å"set of variables making them equivalent across persons and across situations†. (www) Structure interviews usually carried out on randomly selected sample of people. In a structured interview the researcher has pre set questions that a subject is required to answer in a given way. Structured interviews are conducted in a casual manner and may produce spontaneous and realistic answers. The standard interviews can be generalised and applied to the entire population. Sampling of subjects can be difficult, and formal interviews conducted in routine manner may not produce realistic answers. The British Crime Survey (B. C. S) carries out surveys of randomly selected sample of people questioned by structured interviews. In order to understand, the experience of crime and behaviour. (Bryman, A, 2004) In questionnaires and surveys the experiments can be studied on large sample of people. Researchers are able to ask questions about feeling and behaviour in real situations, the method is cheap. The selected people can be generalised about the real world because they are chosen randomly. In the questionnaire and survey the negative aspect can be that people may not respond truthfully. It is difficult to establish the cause an effect. Questions in surveys may not have been asked about variables. Also through surveys and questionnaires research is often collected which is manipulated. People’s responses are put in categories that might fit in order to make meaning. (Coolican, H. 1999) Asch (1951) study was conducted to carry out if conformity took place. Asch (1951) did a perceptual test to measure conformity; there were 36 confederates in the experiment, 20 trials took place. The study was carried out in a laboratory setting. In the experiment where a number of stooges who were confederates of the experiment. In the experiment the stooges where told to give incorrect answers. Participant found it hard in the perceptual test to identify which 3 lines was the same length has the standard line. In this study 74% of participants did agree with the stooges verdict and conformed. The mean average of conformity rate amongst participants was 32%. Many psychologists have criticised Asch’s study because they feel the participants where young offenders on probation. The set of participants were under authority figures acting has their experimenters. The other criticism Asch has received was how could one relate the perceptual task to conformity in real life. The other factor that could’ve affected conformity in the perceptual task was if there was one participant and one stooge, conformity would’ve been rather low than one stooge being present in the experiment; possibility of conformity would be then higher. The higher the status of stooge the likelihood of conformity would be higher, than if the stooge is a fellow student. Other factors considered to influence different results would be if lines where relatively similar to the standard line then the task would effect the conformity rate. It was a time consuming study, because one participant was tested at a time. In this study the participants were misleaded because of the stooges. The usefulness of the stooges in this experiment was to provide a result whether conformity existed. Rosenow and Rosenthal (1977) suggest that some studies, â€Å"researchers have clear expectations about what should happen in their research study this can affect on the outcome. In other words, to some extent, researchers find what they are expecting to find, simply because they are expected to find it†. (Coolican, H. 1999) Research can sometimes produce ambiguous interpretations where studies have manipulated the independent variable. Validity in experiments only exists if the true cause and effect relationship is identified. In experimental methods manipulation of one variable can take place in order to keep the other variables constant. Experiments take place to discover accurate and precise discoveries of relationships between variables. In order to rule out alternative confounding variables designs of experiments are carefully thought. Therefore a validity of experiment carried out on a study should help researcher in future to create and design better experiment. (Russel, J. 000) Researcher In quantitative research is a mere objective observer. In this research the researcher does not participate or influence what is being studied. This is the basic underlying assumption of the method that guides this study. It is through this sequence the types of data are collected. Experiments carried out in field studies are seen has reliable, because people react and behave in an everyday context. On the other hand labor atory studies can be unreliable because variables are controlled, they are low in validity and artificial. Coolican, H. 1999) Researchers use quantitative research in order to find results from experiments. Experiments used in social science have to be done so that they are internally and externally valid. (www. uwa. com In conclusion it can be said that some researchers find that some experiments using quantitative method have limited usefulness because of the low external validity for example of their inapplicability to the real world. On the other hand some researchers consider quantitative research can be statistically reliable. Some researchers find that studies in some cases are manipulated and the results are biased in the way they are measured. The determination of the reliability on quantitative research can be from one idea concept, product package if it is better than the alternative. Researchers using quantitative research see whether a particular population shares certain characteristics in common. Quantitative research is used in connection with statistical analysis and generalisation of descriptions. Therefore it is seen appropriate to be used in research to measure both attitudes and behaviour.